Maritime shipping is vital to the global economy, facilitating 80% of trade and enabling trillions of dollars in annual economic activity, and responsible for more than 700 million tonnes (Mt) of carbon dioxide (CO₂) a year. Alternative energy sources—such as hydrogen—are gaining notice and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has committed to achieving net zero by 2050. However, widespread adoption requires overcoming substantial economic, technological, and operational barriers—and a poorly planned scaleup of maritime hydrogen could risk undermining net-zero goals in the long run, according to a new report from the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA).

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