Seawater electrolysis holds immense promise as a means to decarbonize the global energy sector. However, challenges such as anode corrosion by chloride ions, unwanted chloride oxidation reactions, and the high cost of catalysts have hindered direct seawater electrolysis. To address these issues, self-supported nickel-iron (NiFe) materials have emerged as attractive bifunctional catalysts for both hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution due to their high intrinsic activity and affordability. Wood-based carbon (WC) structures have gained attention as an ideal substrate for these active materials due to their hierarchical porous nature and excellent conductivity.

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